Agate is a banded chalcedony variety of quartz identified by concentric or parallel growth bands and waxy lustre.

Alexandrite is the colour-change variety of chrysoberyl, typically shifting from green to bluish green in daylight to red to purplish red under incandescent light. Commercial alexandrite is sourced mainly from Brazil, Sri Lanka, and East Africa, with the Russian Urals important historically.

Allanite is a rare-earth-bearing member of the epidote group with limited use as a gemstone and strong collector value.

Amber is fossilized tree resin used as an organic gemstone and archaeological material.

Andalusite is an aluminum silicate gemstone noted for strong pleochroism between green, yellow, and brown hues.

Andradite is a calcium-iron garnet species that includes demantoid and melanite varieties.

Aventurine is a quartz variety containing reflective platelets that create aventurescence.

Botswana agate is a finely banded agate variety known for subtle grey-brown and pinkish tones.

Crazy lace agate is a Mexican banded agate known for dense swirling lace-like patterning.

Dendritic agate is chalcedony containing tree-like manganese or iron dendritic inclusions.

Dravite is the magnesium-rich brown end-member of the tourmaline group.

Fire agate is a chalcedony variety with iridescent colors caused by thin iron-oxide interference layers.

Grossular is a calcium-aluminum garnet species including tsavorite and hessonite varieties.

Jasper is an opaque microcrystalline quartz aggregate with diverse colors and patterns.

Kunzite profile is under factual gemological review. Properties shown here are provisional unless marked as verified.

The character of Larimar comes through in its aqua, blue, cyan / blue-green, green, and brown colour and the way that colour interacts with a silicate structure. That combination of aqua body colour, 6.5 Mohs hardness, and vitreous lustre is what usually makes it recognisable in practice. The secondary blue note often matters more than people expect when separating it from lookalikes.

Liddicoatite is a calcium-rich tourmaline species known for striking multicolor zoning patterns.

Mahogany obsidian is an obsidian variety showing reddish-brown mottling from iron-rich inclusions.

Moonstone is recognised by light that seems to float just beneath the surface. That soft billowing glow gives even simple cabochons an internal life that is very different from the brilliance expected in faceted transparent gems.

Nephrite profile is under factual gemological review. Properties shown here are provisional unless marked as verified.

Obsidian is a natural volcanic glass formed by rapid cooling of silica-rich lava.

Ocean agate is a trade-name patterned agate category rather than a separate mineral species.

Ocean jasper is a trade name for orbicular patterned chalcedony/jasper material, chiefly from Madagascar.

Ocean jasperite is a trade descriptor for patterned ornamental material, not a strict mineral species.

Ocean reef is treated as a broad trade label for decorative patterned material.

Onyx is a parallel-banded chalcedony variety of quartz, traditionally black and white in layered form.

Peridot is easiest to understand by starting with green and brown colour. That combination of green body colour, 6.5 Mohs hardness, and vitreous lustre is what usually makes it recognisable in practice. The secondary brown note often matters more than people expect when separating it from lookalikes.

Petrified wood is fossil wood in which original organic tissue has been replaced by silica minerals.

Picasso jasper is a trade-name patterned decorative rock used for graphic line-based lapidary designs.

Picture jasper is a patterned jasper variety known for natural landscape-like designs.

Pietersite is a brecciated chatoyant quartz aggregate with dramatic directional luster.

Sardonyx is a banded chalcedony combining sard-colored and onyx-style layers.

Smoky quartz is the brown variety of quartz, its colour linked to natural irradiation and trace aluminum.

Sphalerite is a zinc sulfide mineral prized by collectors for exceptionally high fire.

Sunrise jasper is a trade-name patterned jasper category emphasizing warm multitone color scenes.

Tanzanite is one of the few gemstones whose identity is closely tied to a single modern locality. Its blue-to-violet colour and pleochroic character give it an instantly contemporary profile among transparent jewellery stones.

Titanite (sphene) is a high-fire gemstone species valued by collectors and connoisseurs.

Vesuvianite, also known as idocrase, is a calcium-rich silicate gemstone species.

Zircon is a natural zirconium silicate gemstone known for high dispersion and brilliance.