Adularia is a low-temperature orthoclase feldspar variety historically associated with moonstone-type adularescence.

Aegean opal is a trade-name opal category and should be handled as opal mineraloid material with seller-specific locality disclosure.

Agate is a banded chalcedony variety of quartz identified by concentric or parallel growth bands and waxy lustre.

Akoya pearls are marine cultured pearls known for high lustre, round shape, and white to cream body colour with overtones.

Alexandrite is the colour-change variety of chrysoberyl, typically shifting from green to bluish green in daylight to red to purplish red under incandescent light. Commercial alexandrite is sourced mainly from Brazil, Sri Lanka, and East Africa, with the Russian Urals important historically.

Allanite is a rare-earth-bearing member of the epidote group with limited use as a gemstone and strong collector value.

Almandine is the iron-rich red garnet species commonly used in faceted and cabochon jewellery.

Amazonite is a green to blue-green variety of microcline feldspar.

Amber is fossilized tree resin used as an organic gemstone and archaeological material.

Violet quartz earns its place in both jewellery and mineral collections through colour rather than rarity. The appeal of amethyst lies in how evenly or intensely that purple is distributed, from pale lilac material to richly saturated stones cut for statement pieces.

Ametrine is a bicolour quartz variety containing distinct amethyst and citrine colour zones.

Andalusite is an aluminum silicate gemstone noted for strong pleochroism between green, yellow, and brown hues.

Andradite is a calcium-iron garnet species that includes demantoid and melanite varieties.

Apatite is a calcium phosphate mineral group used as a collector and jewellery gemstone in multiple colours.

Apophyllite is a hydrated silicate mineral group known primarily as collector crystal material and occasional faceted gem.

Aqua aura quartz is clear quartz modified by vapor deposition of metals (commonly gold) to produce blue iridescent colour.

Aquamarine is appreciated for clarity and calm blue colour more than spectacle. Well-cut stones often look almost water-clear at first glance, with the blue becoming more apparent as light travels through the body of the gem.

Astro stone is a trade descriptor for decorative composite material rather than a recognized mineral species.

Astrophyllite is a rare complex silicate mineral seen as bronze radiating blades in matrix material.

Aurora quartz is coated quartz sold under a trade name for iridescent surface color effects.

Aventurine is a quartz variety containing reflective platelets that create aventurescence.

Azurite is a deep blue copper carbonate mineral, often associated with malachite in oxidized copper deposits.

Azurite-malachite is a natural intergrowth of two copper carbonates used as an ornamental gemstone material.

Beryl is often discussed with one eye on colour and the other on where the material comes from. That combination of blue body colour, 7.5 Mohs hardness, and vitreous lustre is what usually makes it recognisable in practice. The secondary green note often matters more than people expect when separating it from lookalikes.

Bixbite profile is under factual gemological review. Properties shown here are provisional unless marked as verified.

Black jade is a trade color category for dark jade materials, most often nephrite in commercial use.

A dark body tone turns black opal into a stage for moving colour. Against that deeper background, flashes of red, green, blue, and orange can appear sharper and more dramatic than they do in lighter opal varieties.

Black Spinel sits among the more resilient gem materials used for jewellery, which shapes both how it wears and how it is collected. That combination of black body colour, 9 Mohs hardness, and vitreous lustre is what usually makes it recognisable in practice.

Black Tourmaline is often discussed with one eye on colour and the other on where the material comes from. That combination of black body colour, 7 Mohs hardness, and vitreous lustre is what usually makes it recognisable in practice.

Bloodstone (heliotrope) is dark green chalcedony/jasper marked by red iron-oxide spots.

Blue apatite is a blue-colored member of the apatite group used as a collector and jewellery gemstone.

Blue chalcedony is a blue microcrystalline quartz variety valued for soft, uniform translucent colour.

Blue coral is generally a trade product category and often involves dyed or treated coral material.

Blue goldstone is a man-made glitter glass used as an ornamental jewellery material.

Blue lace agate is a pale blue banded chalcedony variety with fine lace-like white patterns.

Blue moonstone is a trade term for moonstone-type feldspar showing a blue sheen effect.

Blue quartz is a trade variety of quartz with blue appearance caused by inclusions or structural scattering.

Blue Spinel sits among the more resilient gem materials used for jewellery, which shapes both how it wears and how it is collected. That combination of blue body colour, 9 Mohs hardness, and vitreous lustre is what usually makes it recognisable in practice.

Blue Topaz profile is under factual gemological review. Properties shown here are provisional unless marked as verified.

Botswana agate is a finely banded agate variety known for subtle grey-brown and pinkish tones.

Boulder Opal earns attention when light begins to travel across or through it. That combination of multicolour body colour, opalescence, play of colour, iridescence optical effects, and 5.5 Mohs hardness is what usually makes it recognisable in practice. The effect is best judged in motion, since a static view rarely shows the full character of the stone.

Bumblebee jasper is a trade name for a patterned volcanic-sedimentary composite material, not a true quartz jasper.

Cactus quartz is a trade name for spirit-like quartz clusters where small crystals cover a larger central crystal.

Carnelian is an orange to red chalcedony variety of quartz, typically translucent with a waxy to vitreous surface lustre.

Cat's-eye apatite is a chatoyant apatite variety cut as cabochon to display a moving light band.

Cat's-eye chrysoberyl is chrysoberyl displaying a strong chatoyant eye caused by aligned inclusions.

Cat's-eye moonstone is moonstone-type feldspar showing a chatoyant band in suitable cabochon orientation.

Cat's-eye quartz is quartz showing a chatoyant eye caused by aligned fibrous or needle inclusions.

Cat's Eye Topaz earns attention when light begins to travel across or through it. Collectors who care about optical performance often come to it for different reasons, but identification still comes back to blue body colour, chatoyancy optical effects, and 8 Mohs hardness. The effect is best judged in motion, since a static view rarely shows the full character of the stone.

Among jewellery stones, Champagne Topaz stands out for combining appearance with notable wear resistance. Jewellers who need dependable wear resistance often come to it for different reasons, but identification still comes back to blue body colour, 8 Mohs hardness, and vitreous lustre. The secondary champagne note often matters more than people expect when separating it from lookalikes.

Cherry quartz in commerce is commonly glass or treated quartz-like material sold as a decorative stone.

Chevron amethyst is an amethyst-quartz banded variety characterized by angular purple-white zoning.

Chrome diopside is the vivid green chromium-bearing gem variety of diopside.

Chrome garnet is a trade term for chromium-bearing green garnets, often pyrope-rich material.

Chrysanthemum stone is a patterned ornamental rock with white radiating mineral growths in dark matrix.

Chrysoberyl is a very hard beryllium aluminum oxide gemstone species that includes alexandrite and cat-eye varieties.

Chrysocolla is a hydrated copper silicate gemstone material, frequently occurring as massive blue-green aggregates.

Chrysoprase is a nickel-coloured green chalcedony variety of quartz.

Citrine is the yellow variety of quartz, commonly transparent with vitreous lustre.

Clear quartz (rock crystal) is colorless transparent quartz with trigonal crystal symmetry and vitreous lustre.

Clinozoisite is a monoclinic epidote-group calcium aluminum sorosilicate with limited gem use.

Copper turquoise is a trade material combining turquoise with metallic copper effect components, often stabilized or reconstructed.

Gem coral is an organic biogenic material composed of coral skeleton polished for ornamental use.

Crazy lace agate is a Mexican banded agate known for dense swirling lace-like patterning.

Crystal Opal earns attention when light begins to travel across or through it. That combination of multicolour body colour, opalescence, play of colour, iridescence optical effects, and 5.5 Mohs hardness is what usually makes it recognisable in practice. The effect is best judged in motion, since a static view rarely shows the full character of the stone.

Cymophane is the traditional mineralogical name for cat's-eye chrysoberyl.

Dalmatian jasper is a trade name for spotted ornamental rock, not a strict quartz jasper species.

Danburite is a calcium borosilicate gemstone often seen as a colorless faceted stone.

Demantoid is the green gem variety of andradite garnet, prized for high dispersion and brilliance.

Dendritic agate is chalcedony containing tree-like manganese or iron dendritic inclusions.

No gemstone has a stronger reputation for durability than diamond, and that reputation is grounded in crystal structure rather than marketing. Its exceptional hardness, high lustre, and ability to return crisp light make it central to both jewellery and industrial applications.

Dioptase is a bright green copper cyclosilicate mineral prized mainly as a collector crystal and occasional gem.

Dravite is the magnesium-rich brown end-member of the tourmaline group.

Elbaite is the lithium-rich tourmaline species that includes many prized gem tourmaline colors.

Emerald stands apart from other green gems because colour carries more weight than absolute clarity. Even stones with visible inclusions can be highly regarded when the green is vivid, lively, and unmistakably within the emerald range.

Epidote is a monoclinic sorosilicate mineral with green coloration and occasional facetable transparency.

Ethiopian Opal profile is under factual gemological review. Properties shown here are provisional unless marked as verified.

Euclase is a beryllium aluminum silicate hydroxide mineral occasionally cut as a collector gemstone.

Fire agate is a chalcedony variety with iridescent colors caused by thin iron-oxide interference layers.

Fire chalcedony is an orange-red chalcedony trade variety distinguished by body color rather than interference iridescence.

Fire quartz is a trade term commonly used for hematoid quartz showing red-orange internal inclusion color.

Fluorite is a calcium fluoride mineral known for wide colour variation, strong cleavage, and common fluorescence.

Freshwater pearls are cultured biogenic gems produced in freshwater mollusks.

Galaxy stone is typically a decorative trade product rather than a mineral species designation.

Garden quartz is a trade name for quartz with inclusion scenes resembling landscapes.

Garnet is often discussed with one eye on colour and the other on where the material comes from. Collectors and lapidaries comparing similar stones often come to it for different reasons, but identification still comes back to green body colour, 6.5 Mohs hardness, and vitreous lustre. The secondary burgundy note often matters more than people expect when separating it from lookalikes.

Ghost quartz is quartz containing internal phantom crystal outlines created during interrupted growth.

Golden healer quartz is a trade term for quartz with yellow-gold iron-oxide coloration.

Goshenite is often discussed with one eye on colour and the other on where the material comes from. That combination of blue body colour, 7.5 Mohs hardness, and vitreous lustre is what usually makes it recognisable in practice. The secondary green note often matters more than people expect when separating it from lookalikes.

Green apatite is a calcium phosphate gemstone valued for vivid green hues and high brilliance.

Locality plays an important role in how Green Beryl is understood in the gem trade. That combination of green body colour, 7.5 Mohs hardness, and vitreous lustre is what usually makes it recognisable in practice.

Green chalcedony is a green microcrystalline quartz variety used for cabochons and beads.

Green jade is a trade category encompassing green jadeite and green nephrite materials.

Green jasper is an opaque green chalcedony/jasper variety used in lapidary and ornamental work.

Green quartz is a broad trade category that may include naturally green included quartz or treated quartz.

Green Sapphire profile is under factual gemological review. Properties shown here are provisional unless marked as verified.

Durability is part of the appeal of Green Topaz, not merely a technical footnote. Jewellers who need dependable wear resistance often come to it for different reasons, but identification still comes back to green body colour, 8 Mohs hardness, and vitreous lustre.

Green Tourmaline is often discussed with one eye on colour and the other on where the material comes from. That combination of green body colour, 7 Mohs hardness, and vitreous lustre is what usually makes it recognisable in practice.

Grey chalcedony is a neutral-toned chalcedony variety used in cabochons, beads, and carvings.

Grossular is a calcium-aluminum garnet species including tsavorite and hessonite varieties.

Harlequin opal is a trade pattern descriptor for precious opal with geometric, patchy color play.

Harlequin quartz is a trade name used for quartz with vivid internal red/orange inclusion patterning.

Hawk's eye is a blue-grey chatoyant quartz variety formed by silicification of fibrous host textures.

Locality plays an important role in how Heliodor is understood in the gem trade. Collectors and lapidaries comparing similar stones often come to it for different reasons, but identification still comes back to blue body colour, 7.5 Mohs hardness, and vitreous lustre. The secondary green note often matters more than people expect when separating it from lookalikes.

Hematite is an iron oxide mineral identified in gem use by metallic lustre and red-brown streak.

Hessonite is the orange to brownish-orange variety of grossular garnet.

Hiddenite is the green gem variety of spodumene, valued for bright yellow-green tones.

Honey calcite is a yellow variety of calcite used for ornamental stones and carvings.

Hydro quartz refers to hydrothermally grown synthetic quartz used as a gem and decorative material.

Ice quartz is a trade name for quartz with frosted or crackled internal appearance.

Iceland spar is a transparent variety of calcite noted for pronounced birefringence and double refraction.

Imperial jade is the highest-value trade grade of vivid green jadeite, distinguished by color quality and translucency.

Durability is part of the appeal of Imperial Topaz, not merely a technical footnote. Jewellers who need dependable wear resistance often come to it for different reasons, but identification still comes back to blue body colour, 8 Mohs hardness, and vitreous lustre. The secondary yellow note often matters more than people expect when separating it from lookalikes.

Part of the identity of Indicolite comes from the producing regions associated with it. That combination of green body colour, 7 Mohs hardness, and vitreous lustre is what usually makes it recognisable in practice. The secondary pink note often matters more than people expect when separating it from lookalikes.

Iolite is the gem variety of cordierite, known for pronounced pleochroism from blue-violet to pale yellow-grey.

Jade is valued as much for texture and toughness as for colour. A fine piece has a compact, almost glowing appearance that feels different from ordinary green ornamental stone, which is one reason jade has held cultural importance for so many centuries.

Part of the identity of Jadeite comes from the producing regions associated with it. That combination of green body colour, 6.5 Mohs hardness, and silky lustre is what usually makes it recognisable in practice. The secondary white note often matters more than people expect when separating it from lookalikes.

Jasper is an opaque microcrystalline quartz aggregate with diverse colors and patterns.

Kambaba jasper is a trade-name ornamental rock with green-black orbicular patterns, not a strict jasper species term.

Kunzite profile is under factual gemological review. Properties shown here are provisional unless marked as verified.

Kyanite is an aluminum silicate mineral notable for pronounced hardness anisotropy and blue pleochroic colour.

Labradorite is a plagioclase feldspar known for labradorescence caused by light interference in lamellar structures.

Laguna agate is a prized Mexican agate known for tight, colorful fortification banding.

Lapis lazuli is a lazurite-rich metamorphic rock used as a gemstone and ornamental material.

The character of Larimar comes through in its aqua, blue, cyan / blue-green, green, and brown colour and the way that colour interacts with a silicate structure. That combination of aqua body colour, 6.5 Mohs hardness, and vitreous lustre is what usually makes it recognisable in practice. The secondary blue note often matters more than people expect when separating it from lookalikes.

Lava stone is a porous volcanic basalt used as an ornamental bead and decorative material.

Lazurite is a blue feldspathoid mineral and the key color component in lapis lazuli.

Lemon quartz is a trade name for bright yellow quartz, commonly achieved through irradiation and/or heat treatment.

Lemurian quartz is a trade term for naturally striated quartz crystals, not a distinct mineral species.

Libyan desert glass is a natural silica glass from the Sahara, widely considered impact-related in origin.

Liddicoatite is a calcium-rich tourmaline species known for striking multicolor zoning patterns.

Durability is part of the appeal of London Blue Topaz, not merely a technical footnote. Jewellers who need dependable wear resistance often come to it for different reasons, but identification still comes back to blue body colour, 8 Mohs hardness, and vitreous lustre.

Mahogany obsidian is an obsidian variety showing reddish-brown mottling from iron-rich inclusions.

Malachite is an opaque copper carbonate mineral recognized by vivid green banding.

Locality plays an important role in how Maxixe is understood in the gem trade. Collectors and lapidaries comparing similar stones often come to it for different reasons, but identification still comes back to blue body colour, 7.5 Mohs hardness, and vitreous lustre. The secondary green note often matters more than people expect when separating it from lookalikes.

Melanite is a black titanium-rich variety of andradite garnet.

Meteorite stone is a trade category for extraterrestrial material used in jewelry and collector pieces.

Mettle stone is handled as a trade-name decorative material requiring supplier-level composition disclosure.

Mexican Opal profile is under factual gemological review. Properties shown here are provisional unless marked as verified.

Moldavite is a natural impact glass (tektite) formed during the Ries impact event and found in Central Europe.

Moonstone is recognised by light that seems to float just beneath the surface. That soft billowing glow gives even simple cabochons an internal life that is very different from the brilliance expected in faceted transparent gems.

Morganite profile is under factual gemological review. Properties shown here are provisional unless marked as verified.

Moss agate is chalcedony containing green mineral inclusions that resemble moss or vegetation.

Moss chalcedony is a chalcedony variety featuring natural dendritic or mossy internal inclusions.

Mutton fat jade is a trade descriptor for high-quality creamy white jade material, commonly nephrite.

Mystic Topaz profile is under factual gemological review. Properties shown here are provisional unless marked as verified.

Nephrite profile is under factual gemological review. Properties shown here are provisional unless marked as verified.

Nigrine is an ambiguous term in gem trade usage and should be tied to tested mineral identity before strict species claims.

Obsidian is a natural volcanic glass formed by rapid cooling of silica-rich lava.

Ocean agate is a trade-name patterned agate category rather than a separate mineral species.

Ocean jasper is a trade name for orbicular patterned chalcedony/jasper material, chiefly from Madagascar.

Ocean jasperite is a trade descriptor for patterned ornamental material, not a strict mineral species.

Ocean reef is treated as a broad trade label for decorative patterned material.

Olivine is a magnesium-iron silicate mineral; transparent gem-quality material is known as peridot.

Onyx is a parallel-banded chalcedony variety of quartz, traditionally black and white in layered form.

Opal is less about crystal form than about light. Depending on structure, it may show a soft inner haze, bold flashes of spectral colour, or a calm body tone that changes character as the stone is turned in the hand.

Orange Sapphire profile is under factual gemological review. Properties shown here are provisional unless marked as verified.

Among jewellery stones, Orange Spinel stands out for combining appearance with notable wear resistance. That combination of orange body colour, 9 Mohs hardness, and vitreous lustre is what usually makes it recognisable in practice.

Orthoclase is a monoclinic potassium feldspar species and an important member of the moonstone feldspar series.

Padparadscha Sapphire sits among the more resilient gem materials used for jewellery, which shapes both how it wears and how it is collected. That combination of blue body colour, 9 Mohs hardness, and vitreous lustre is what usually makes it recognisable in practice. The secondary sapphire blue note often matters more than people expect when separating it from lookalikes.

Paraiba spinel is a trade term for bright neon blue-green spinel resembling paraiba-style color appearance.

Paraiba Tourmaline profile is under factual gemological review. Properties shown here are provisional unless marked as verified.

Among jewellery stones, Peach Topaz stands out for combining appearance with notable wear resistance. That combination of blue body colour, 8 Mohs hardness, and vitreous lustre is what usually makes it recognisable in practice. The secondary orange note often matters more than people expect when separating it from lookalikes.

Pearl is an organic gem formed by mollusks, represented in trade by both natural and cultured products.

Peridot is easiest to understand by starting with green and brown colour. That combination of green body colour, 6.5 Mohs hardness, and vitreous lustre is what usually makes it recognisable in practice. The secondary brown note often matters more than people expect when separating it from lookalikes.

The appeal of Peruvian Blue Opal lies in what happens after the stone is turned in the light. That combination of blue body colour, opalescence, play of colour, iridescence optical effects, and 5.5 Mohs hardness is what usually makes it recognisable in practice. The effect is best judged in motion, since a static view rarely shows the full character of the stone.

Petrified wood is fossil wood in which original organic tissue has been replaced by silica minerals.

Phantom quartz contains internal growth-stage outlines recording episodic crystal development.

Phenakite is a beryllium silicate gemstone species known for high clarity and limited availability.

Phosphosiderite is a hydrated iron phosphate known for distinctive lilac to purple coloration.

Picasso jasper is a trade-name patterned decorative rock used for graphic line-based lapidary designs.

Picture jasper is a patterned jasper variety known for natural landscape-like designs.

Pietersite is a brecciated chatoyant quartz aggregate with dramatic directional luster.

Pinfire opal is a pattern descriptor for precious opal with fine pinpoint color flashes.

Pink apatite is a calcium phosphate gemstone variety valued for delicate to vivid pink color.

Pink chalcedony is a pastel pink chalcedony variety used in beads and cabochon jewelry.

Pink coral is an organic gem material widely used in decorative jewelry, often requiring treatment and sourcing disclosure.

Pink Sapphire profile is under factual gemological review. Properties shown here are provisional unless marked as verified.

Pink Spinel sits among the more resilient gem materials used for jewellery, which shapes both how it wears and how it is collected. That combination of pink body colour, 9 Mohs hardness, and vitreous lustre is what usually makes it recognisable in practice.

Locality plays an important role in how Pink Tourmaline is understood in the gem trade. Collectors and lapidaries comparing similar stones often come to it for different reasons, but identification still comes back to pink body colour, 7 Mohs hardness, and vitreous lustre.

Prasiolite is a green quartz trade variety, most commonly produced via treatment.

Prehnite is a calcium aluminum silicate used as a translucent green gemstone and collector mineral.

Pyrite is an iron sulfide mineral used in jewelry and ornament for its metallic luster and brassy color.

Pyrope is a magnesium-rich red garnet species prized for saturated color and durability.

Rainbow moonstone is a trade name typically applied to white labradorite showing colorful flash.

Raspberry quartz is a trade term for red-pink quartz material, requiring treatment disclosure when applicable.

Red Beryl is often discussed with one eye on colour and the other on where the material comes from. Collectors and lapidaries comparing similar stones often come to it for different reasons, but identification still comes back to red body colour, 7.5 Mohs hardness, and vitreous lustre.

Red coral is an organic gemstone material with longstanding decorative and cultural use.

Red jasper is an iron-rich opaque chalcedony variety used extensively in lapidary work.

Red Spinel sits among the more resilient gem materials used for jewellery, which shapes both how it wears and how it is collected. That combination of red body colour, 9 Mohs hardness, and vitreous lustre is what usually makes it recognisable in practice.

Rhodochrosite is a manganese carbonate known for pink to red coloration and characteristic banding in many lapidary pieces.

Rhodolite is a pyrope-almandine garnet blend valued for bright rose-red to purplish-red color.

Rhodonite is a manganese silicate gemstone recognized by pink body colour and dark manganese-oxide veining.

Rose aura quartz is coated quartz designed to create pink iridescent surface effects.

Rose quartz is the pink variety of quartz, usually found as translucent massive material and less commonly as transparent crystals.

Durability is part of the appeal of Royal Blue Sapphire, not merely a technical footnote. That combination of blue body colour, 9 Mohs hardness, and vitreous lustre is what usually makes it recognisable in practice. The secondary royal blue note often matters more than people expect when separating it from lookalikes.

Part of the identity of Rubellite comes from the producing regions associated with it. Collectors and lapidaries comparing similar stones often come to it for different reasons, but identification still comes back to green body colour, 7 Mohs hardness, and vitreous lustre. The secondary pink note often matters more than people expect when separating it from lookalikes.

Ruby is defined by red corundum, but not every red stone carries the same authority of colour. The most sought-after examples combine vivid saturation with enough transparency to let the red remain bright rather than murky.

Rutilated quartz is quartz containing visible rutile needles that create distinctive internal patterns.

Sapphire covers far more than blue, yet the gem remains associated with crisp colour, durability, and a polished, highly wearable finish. Its place in jewellery owes as much to resilience as to appearance.

Sardonyx is a banded chalcedony combining sard-colored and onyx-style layers.

Schorl is the black iron-rich tourmaline species widely used in mineral and decorative markets.

Selenite is a transparent crystalline gypsum variety used in decorative and collector contexts.

Seraphinite is a trade name for feather-pattern clinochlore used in decorative jewelry.

Serpentine is a group of hydrated magnesium silicates used widely as ornamental stone.

Among jewellery stones, Sky Blue Topaz stands out for combining appearance with notable wear resistance. Jewellers who need dependable wear resistance often come to it for different reasons, but identification still comes back to blue body colour, 8 Mohs hardness, and vitreous lustre. The secondary sky blue note often matters more than people expect when separating it from lookalikes.

Smithsonite is a zinc carbonate mineral used as a collector and ornamental gemstone material.

Smoky quartz is the brown variety of quartz, its colour linked to natural irradiation and trace aluminum.

Snowflake obsidian is a patterned obsidian variety containing cristobalite spherulites.

Sodalite is a blue feldspathoid mineral commonly used as an opaque ornamental gemstone.

South Sea pearl is a premium saltwater cultured pearl category known for large size and satin-like luster.

Spectrolite is a labradorite variety known for strong multicolor labradorescence.

Spessartine is a manganese-rich garnet known for bright orange brilliance.

Sphalerite is a zinc sulfide mineral prized by collectors for exceptionally high fire.

Durability is part of the appeal of Spinel, not merely a technical footnote. That combination of blue body colour, 9 Mohs hardness, and vitreous lustre is what usually makes it recognisable in practice. The secondary pink note often matters more than people expect when separating it from lookalikes.

Spirit quartz is a trade name for quartz clusters with sparkling secondary overgrowths.

Star Ruby profile is under factual gemological review. Properties shown here are provisional unless marked as verified.

Star Sapphire profile is under factual gemological review. Properties shown here are provisional unless marked as verified.

Strawberry quartz is a quartz trade variety with red-pink coloration often linked to internal inclusions.

Sugilite is a rare purple cyclosilicate prized in collector and ornamental jewelry markets.

Sunrise jasper is a trade-name patterned jasper category emphasizing warm multitone color scenes.

Sunstone is a feldspar gemstone exhibiting aventurescent glitter from reflective inclusions.

Taaffeite is a rare beryllium-bearing oxide gemstone species distinct from spinel.

Tahitian pearl is a premium dark saltwater cultured pearl category.

Tanzanite is one of the few gemstones whose identity is closely tied to a single modern locality. Its blue-to-violet colour and pleochroic character give it an instantly contemporary profile among transparent jewellery stones.

Tektite is natural impact glass formed by meteorite impact events.

Thulite is a pink variety of zoisite used mainly in carvings and cabochons.

Tiger iron is a layered ornamental rock combining tiger eye, jasper, and hematite components.

Tiger's eye is a chatoyant quartz variety known for a bright moving eye effect.

Titanite (sphene) is a high-fire gemstone species valued by collectors and connoisseurs.

Topaz sits among the more resilient gem materials used for jewellery, which shapes both how it wears and how it is collected. Jewellers who need dependable wear resistance often come to it for different reasons, but identification still comes back to blue body colour, 8 Mohs hardness, and vitreous lustre. The secondary yellow note often matters more than people expect when separating it from lookalikes.

Tourmalinated quartz is quartz with visible black tourmaline inclusions creating striking contrast.

Locality plays an important role in how Tourmaline is understood in the gem trade. That combination of green body colour, 7 Mohs hardness, and vitreous lustre is what usually makes it recognisable in practice. The secondary pink note often matters more than people expect when separating it from lookalikes.

Tsavorite is the vivid green variety of grossular garnet colored by vanadium/chromium.

Tugtupite is a rare pink feldspathoid known for UV fluorescence and light-sensitive color behavior.

Turquoise has been used for ornament and status objects for millennia, yet its appeal remains straightforward: an unmistakable blue-to-green body colour, often paired with matrix patterns that make each piece visually individual.

Uvarovite is the chromium-rich green garnet species known for vivid drusy crystal clusters.

Variscite is a hydrated aluminum phosphate used in cabochons and carvings for green color.

Vesuvianite, also known as idocrase, is a calcium-rich silicate gemstone species.

Watermelon tourmaline is a zoned tourmaline variety typically showing pink core and green rim coloration.

White opal is opal with light body tone, occurring as common or precious opal types.

White sapphire is the colorless variety of corundum valued for durability and brilliance.

White spinel is the colorless to near-colorless variety of spinel used in fine jewelry.

Yellow apatite is a calcium phosphate gem variety valued for bright yellow color.

Yellow jasper is an opaque chalcedony variety colored by iron-bearing components.

Yellow sapphire is the yellow color variety of corundum valued for durability and bright color.

Yellow topaz is a durable topaz color variety used in faceted jewelry gems.

Zebra jasper is a patterned ornamental stone category defined by high-contrast striping.

Zircon is a natural zirconium silicate gemstone known for high dispersion and brilliance.

Zoisite is an orthorhombic sorosilicate species encompassing several gem varieties.